Bu m\u0259qal\u0259<\/a><\/strong> \u201cG\u00fcrc\u00fcstan\u0131n g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259yi\u201d silsil\u0259sinin be\u015f m\u0259qal\u0259sind\u0259n d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr. Layih\u0259ni Carnegie Europe v\u0259 Levan Mikeladze Fondu G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan c\u0259miyy\u0259tind\u0259 m\u00fcbahis\u0259li m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259ri t\u0259hlil etm\u0259k m\u0259qs\u0259dil\u0259 apar\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu t\u0259dqiqat\u0131n m\u00fc\u0259llifl\u0259ri: Tbilisid\u0259 \u201cAzad Universitet\u201din elmi i\u015f\u00e7isi Rusudan Amirecibi v\u0259 Tbilisi D\u00f6vl\u0259t Universitetinin dosenti v\u0259 V\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f \u0130nteqrasiyas\u0131 v\u0259 Mill\u0259tl\u0259raras\u0131 M\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259r M\u0259rk\u0259zinin s\u0259dr m\u00fcavini Kaxa Qabuniyad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan \u00e7oxdilli v\u0259 \u00e7oxmill\u0259tli \u00f6lk\u0259dir. 2014-c\u00fc il siyah\u0131ya al\u0131nmas\u0131na<\/a> \u0259sas\u0259n, etnik g\u00fcrc\u00fcl\u0259r \u00f6lk\u0259 \u0259halisinin 87 faizini, dig\u0259r etnik qruplar is\u0259 \u00fcmumilikd\u0259 13 faizini t\u0259\u015fkil edir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu qrupda az\u0259rbaycanl\u0131lar G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan \u0259halisinin 6 faizind\u0259n art\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, erm\u0259nil\u0259r is\u0259 5 faiz\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259rini t\u0259\u015fkil edirl\u0259r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sovet etnolinqvistik siyas\u0259ti a\u011f\u0131r irs qoyub: etnik g\u00fcrc\u00fcl\u0259r\u0259 v\u0259 etnik azl\u0131qlara \u00f6zl\u0259rini vahid milli d\u00f6vl\u0259tin \u00fczvl\u0259ri kimi g\u00f6rm\u0259k \u00e7\u0259tindir.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n G\u00fcrc\u00fcstandak\u0131 azl\u0131qlar\u0131n \u00f6lk\u0259nin siyasi, iqtisadi v\u0259 m\u0259d\u0259ni h\u0259yat\u0131na inteqrasiyas\u0131 u\u011furlu d\u00f6vl\u0259t quruculu\u011fu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fch\u00fcm \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259t k\u0259sb edir. Bu, dill\u0259r\u0259 m\u00fcnasib\u0259td\u0259, t\u0259hsil v\u0259 iqtisadi inki\u015fafa yana\u015fmada d\u00f6vl\u0259t siyas\u0259tinin d\u0259yi\u015fm\u0259sini t\u0259l\u0259b ed\u0259c\u0259k.<\/p>\n\n\n\n H\u0259m\u00e7inin bu, azl\u0131qlar s\u0131ras\u0131ndan olan h\u0259mv\u0259t\u0259nl\u0259ri il\u0259 \u00e7ox da tan\u0131\u015f olmayan bir \u00e7ox etnik g\u00fcrc\u00fcn\u00fcn bax\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n da d\u0259yi\u015fm\u0259sini t\u0259l\u0259b ed\u0259c\u0259k.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n Sovet \u0130ttifaq\u0131nda etnik m\u0259nsubiyy\u0259t institutla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. \u0130osif Stalinin idar\u0131\u0259\u00e7iliyi zaman\u0131nda bir n\u00f6v \u201ctitullu mill\u0259tl\u0259r\u201d formala\u015fm\u0131\u015fd\u0131 \u2013 g\u00fcrc\u00fcl\u0259r, erm\u0259nil\u0259r, ruslar v\u0259 sair\u0259.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Onlar yaln\u0131z Sovet \u0130ttifaq\u0131na daxil olan 15 respublikan\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 formala\u015fd\u0131rmam\u0131\u015fd\u0131lar, eyni zamanda faktiki olaraq bu qurulu\u015flara \u00f6z m\u00fclkl\u0259ri kimi bax\u0131r v\u0259 dig\u0259r mill\u0259tl\u0259ri diskriminasiyaya u\u011frad\u0131rd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Dil etnomill\u0259t\u00e7i siyas\u0259tin m\u0259rk\u0259zi komponenti idi v\u0259 burada \u0259halinin \u00e7ox hiss\u0259sil\u0259 m\u00fcqayis\u0259d\u0259 azl\u0131qlar\u0131n haqlar\u0131 az idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sovet \u0130ttifaq\u0131 da\u011f\u0131landan sonra on be\u015f respublika m\u00fcst\u0259qil d\u00f6vl\u0259t oldu. Yeni m\u00fcst\u0259qil G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan yeni milli v\u0259tanda\u015f kimliyinin quruculu\u011fu problemil\u0259 \u00fczl\u0259\u015fdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Amma G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan sakinl\u0259ri avtomatik G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alsalar da azl\u0131qlar d\u00f6vl\u0259tin h\u0259yat\u0131nda tam m\u0259nada i\u015ftirak ed\u0259 bilmirdil\u0259r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u00fcasir G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan\u0131n azl\u0131qlar\u0131 \u00e7ox m\u00fcxt\u0259lifdir. Onlar eyni zamanda ruslar, yunanlar, yezidl\u0259r, assuriyal\u0131lar, y\u0259hudil\u0259r v\u0259 ukraynal\u0131lard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kistl\u0259r \u2013 \u015eimal Qafqaz \u00e7e\u00e7enl\u0259rinin etnik qohumlar\u0131 Kaxeti regionunun \u015f\u0259rqi hiss\u0259sind\u0259 ya\u015fay\u0131rlar, amma region \u0259halisinin c\u0259mi yeddi faizini t\u0259\u015fkil edirl\u0259r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan\u0131n azl\u0131qlar\u0131n \u00e7ox sayda v\u0259 kompakt ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6rd regionu x\u00fcsusi diqq\u0259t t\u0259l\u0259b edir: Abxaziya<\/a>; C\u0259nubi Osetiya<\/a>; \u0259sas \u0259halisi az\u0259rbaycanl\u0131lar olan Kvemo Kartli; \u0259halisinin \u0259ks\u0259r hiss\u0259si erm\u0259nil\u0259r olan Samtsxe-Cavaxetiya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kvemo Kartli Az\u0259rbaycamla, Samtsxe-Cavaxetiya Erm\u0259nistanla s\u0259rh\u0259dd\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015fir, orada ya\u015fayan az\u0259rbaycanl\u0131lar\u0131n v\u0259 erm\u0259nil\u0259rin statusinu siyasil\u0259\u015fdirir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00d6lk\u0259d\u0259 g\u00fcrc\u00fc icmas\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131 potensial separatm\u0131l\u0131q t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259si v\u0259 azl\u0131qlar\u0131n G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan d\u00f6vl\u0259tin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 loyal olmamas\u0131 haqda dan\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Azl\u0131qlar is\u0259 \u00f6z n\u00f6vb\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 g\u00fcrc\u00fcl\u0259rin onlar\u0131 assimilyasiya etm\u0259k c\u0259hdind\u0259 etnik kimlikl\u0259ri \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259 g\u00f6r\u00fcrl\u0259r. Assimilyasiya qorxusu, x\u00fcsus\u0259n erm\u0259ni icmas\u0131nda, h\u0259m\u00e7inin etnik g\u00fcrc\u00fcl\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n d\u0259st\u0259yin olmamas\u0131 bu azl\u0131qlar\u0131 tarixi v\u0259t\u0259nl\u0259rind\u0259n d\u0259st\u0259k axtarma\u011fa vadar edir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan pasportlar\u0131n\u0131n olmas\u0131na baxmayaraq, bu iki regionda bir \u00e7ox az\u0259rbaycanl\u0131lar v\u0259 erm\u0259nil\u0259r \u00f6zl\u0259rini m\u00fcvafiq olaraq Az\u0259rbaycan v\u0259 Erm\u0259nistan v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f\u0131 kimi hiss edirl\u0259r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bundan ba\u015fqa, Samtsxe-Cavaxetiyada yayda m\u00f6vs\u00fcmi i\u015fl\u0259rd\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn Rusiyaya gedir. N\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259 region \u0259halisinin b\u00f6y\u00fck hiss\u0259sinin h\u0259n G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan, h\u0259m d\u0259 Rusiya pasportu var, \u00e7oxlar\u0131 \u00fcst\u0259lik Erm\u0259nistan pasportuna da sahibdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bununla bel\u0259, \u00e7oxsayl\u0131 t\u0259dqiqatlar v\u0259 sor\u011fular t\u0259sdiql\u0259yib ki, azl\u0131qlar h\u0259tta \u00f6zl\u0259rini d\u00f6vl\u0259td\u0259n k\u0259narla\u015fm\u0131\u015f hiss ets\u0259l\u0259r d\u0259 G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan\u0131n loyal v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar\u0131 olma\u011fa \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar v\u0259 bu \u00f6lk\u0259ni \u00f6z v\u0259t\u0259nl\u0259ri kimi q\u0259bul edirl\u0259r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2009-cu il t\u0259dqiqat\u0131nda<\/a> \u201cG\u00fcrc\u00fcstan v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f\u0131 olmaq n\u0259 dem\u0259kdir?\u201d sual\u0131na az\u0259rbaycanl\u0131lar\u0131n (84 faiz) v\u0259 erm\u0259nil\u0259rin (87 faiz) b\u00f6y\u00fck \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259ti \u201cV\u0259t\u0259nd\u0259 ya\u015famaq\u201d cavab\u0131n\u0131 verib.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Amma G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan\u0131n d\u00f6vl\u0259t\u00e7ilik v\u0259 siyasi h\u0259yat\u0131nda f\u0259al i\u015ftirak edirl\u0259rmi sual\u0131n\u0131n cavab\u0131nda is\u0259 az\u0259rbaycanl\u0131lardan dem\u0259k olar ki, he\u00e7 kim m\u00fcsb\u0259t cavab verm\u0259yib. Etnik erm\u0259nil\u0259r aras\u0131nda is\u0259 y\u00fcks\u0259k siyasi f\u0259all\u0131q olub.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Azl\u0131qlar\u0131n d\u00f6vl\u0259t\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcks\u0259k loyall\u0131q s\u0259viyy\u0259sini 2020-ci ilin sentyabr\u0131nda Carnegie Europe v\u0259 Levan Mikeladze Fondunun sifari\u015fi il\u0259 \u201cG\u00fcrc\u00fcstan\u0131n g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259yi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn\u201d layih\u0259si \u00e7\u0259r\u00e7iv\u0259sind\u0259 Qafqaz T\u0259dqiqat Resurslar\u0131 M\u0259rk\u0259zi (CRRC) t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n apar\u0131lan<\/a> t\u0259dqiqat\u0131n n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259ri d\u0259 t\u0259sdiql\u0259yib.<\/p>\n\n\n\n H\u0259m azl\u0131qlar, h\u0259m d\u0259 etnik g\u00fcrc\u00fcl\u0259r aras\u0131nda etno-mill\u0259t\u00e7i tendensiyalar g\u00fccl\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u00dcst\u0259lik \u00e7oxlu\u011fun v\u0259 azl\u0131\u011f\u0131n unikall\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00e7ox c\u0259h\u0259td\u0259n uzaq ke\u00e7mi\u015fd\u0259 \u0259sas\u0131 qoyulan etno-\u0259razi iddialar\u0131 il\u0259 v\u0259 ya Sovet \u0130ttifaq\u0131nda t\u0259dris olunan tarixl\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n G\u00fcrc\u00fc icmas\u0131n\u0131n bir hiss\u0259si az\u0259rbaycanl\u0131lar\u0131n demoqrafik say\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 tendensiyas\u0131ndan narahatd\u0131r. Bu, sovet d\u00f6vr\u00fc naartivinin davam\u0131d\u0131r, o zaman g\u00fcrc\u00fc mill\u0259t\u00e7il\u0259r m\u00fcs\u0259lmanlar\u0131n ilhaq\u0131 t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259si haqda bildirirdil\u0259r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Erm\u0259nil\u0259r\u0259 g\u0259linc\u0259, G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan c\u0259miyy\u0259tind\u0259 onlar\u0131n G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan \u0259razil\u0259rin\u0259 v\u0259 m\u0259d\u0259ni irsin\u0259 iddialar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0259kin\u0259nl\u0259r var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n CRRC-nin sor\u011fusu g\u00f6st\u0259rir ki, m\u00fcasir \u0259halid\u0259 \u00fcmumilikd\u0259 G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na m\u0259nsublu\u011fa g\u00f6r\u0259 f\u0259xr hissi m\u00f6hk\u0259ml\u0259nib. Dem\u0259k olar ki, b\u00fct\u00fcn G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan sakinl\u0259ri bildiribl\u0259r ki, G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f\u0131 olduqlar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn f\u0259xr edirl\u0259r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bununla bel\u0259, v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n etnik konsepsiyas\u0131 h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 g\u00fccl\u00fcd\u00fcr: sor\u011fu edil\u0259nl\u0259rin yar\u0131s\u0131 hesab edir ki, G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar\u0131 pravoslav xristian olmal\u0131d\u0131r \u2013 erm\u0259nil\u0259ri, az\u0259rbaycanl\u0131lar\u0131 v\u0259 kistl\u0259ri b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fckl\u0259 istisna ed\u0259n kateqoriya \u2013 30 faizlik azl\u0131q is\u0259 hesab edir ki, yaln\u0131z etnik g\u00fcrc\u00fcl\u0259r pravoslav olmal\u0131d\u0131r v\u0259 v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015fl\u0131q almal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00c7oxlar\u0131 dili d\u0259 G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u0259sas atributlar\u0131ndan biri hesab edir. Sor\u011fuda i\u015ftirak ed\u0259nl\u0259rin 92 faizi hesab edir ki, G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar\u0131 g\u00fcrc\u00fc dilind\u0259 dan\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r. 94 faiz eyni zamanda hesab edir ki, d\u00f6vl\u0259t xidm\u0259tind\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259m\u0259k ist\u0259y\u0259n etnik azl\u0131qlar\u0131n n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259l\u0259ri g\u00fcrc\u00fc dilini bilm\u0259y\u0259 borcludur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n G\u00fcrc\u00fcstanda etno-mill\u0259t\u00e7iliyin d\u0259yi\u015fm\u0259z g\u00fcc\u00fc h\u0259m sovet totalitarizminin irsi, h\u0259m d\u0259 XIX \u0259srd\u0259 G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan Rusiya imperiyas\u0131n\u0131n koloniyas\u0131 oldu\u011fu zaman yaranan v\u0259 1980-ci ill\u0259rin sonlar\u0131nda milli azadl\u0131q m\u00fcbariz\u0259si<\/a> zaman\u0131 b\u0259rpa olunan g\u00fcrc\u00fc milli \u0259n\u0259n\u0259l\u0259ri il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 ola bil\u0259r. Bu intellektual \u0259n\u0259n\u0259 g\u00fcrc\u00fc kimliyinin t\u0259m\u0259lind\u0259 dayanan \u00fc\u00e7 kombin\u0259 olunmu\u015f komponenti \u2013 v\u0259t\u0259n, dil v\u0259 dini vur\u011fulay\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sor\u011fu h\u0259m\u00e7inin g\u00fcrc\u00fcl\u0259rin azl\u0131qlara m\u00fcnasib\u0259td\u0259 ziddiyy\u0259tli bax\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 da ortaya \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131b. Bu bax\u0131\u015flar\u0131 c\u0259miyy\u0259tin 1990-c\u0131 ill\u0259rin \u0259vv\u0259ll\u0259rind\u0259 ba\u015flayan Abxaziya v\u0259 C\u0259nubi Osetiya m\u00fcnaqi\u015f\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 m\u00fcnasib\u0259ti prizmas\u0131ndan g\u00f6rm\u0259k m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. M\u00fcnaqi\u015f\u0259l\u0259r azl\u0131qlar\u0131n ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n v\u0259 d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259n obraz\u0131n\u0131n formala\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n f\u0259lak\u0259tli n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259rinin ola bil\u0259c\u0259yini n\u00fcmayi\u015f etdirdi. Respondentl\u0259rin 69 faizi abxazlara v\u0259 osetinl\u0259r\u0259 tolerant m\u00fcnasib\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259rib, amma eyni zamanda 47 faiz etnik azl\u0131qlar\u0131 potensial t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259 kimi g\u00f6r\u00fcb (3-c\u00fc Diaqrama bax).<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u00fcasir G\u00fcrc\u00fcstanda amerikal\u0131 sosioloq Milton Bennetin \u201cm\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tl\u0259raras\u0131 h\u0259ssasl\u0131q<\/a>\u201d adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u2013 dig\u0259r qruplar\u0131n m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259ti v\u0259 probleml\u0259rin\u0259 dair bilgil\u0259r a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259dir. T\u0259dqiqatlar g\u00f6st\u0259rir ki, bu, b\u00fct\u00fcn n\u00f6v azl\u0131qlara aiddir. Bennetin m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tl\u0259raras\u0131 h\u0259ssasl\u0131q modelin\u0259 \u0259sas\u0259n, etnik g\u00fcrc\u00fcl\u0259r \u0259sas\u0259n etno-m\u0259rk\u0259z\u00e7i fazadad\u0131r, onlar dig\u0259r insanlarla aradak\u0131 f\u0259rqlilikl\u0259ri minimalla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131rlar v\u0259 \u0259ks\u0259r\u0259n azl\u0131qlar\u0131 \u00f6z d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rinin tamh\u00fcquqlu \u00fczvl\u0259ri kimi q\u0259bul etmirl\u0259r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Din f\u0259rqliliyin daha bir g\u00f6st\u0259ricisidir. Tarix\u0259n G\u00fcrc\u00fcstanda hesab edilirdi ki, din etnik kimliyi m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nl\u0259\u015fdirir. Erm\u0259ni apostol v\u0259 ya Qriqoryan kils\u0259sind\u0259 xa\u00e7 suyuna sal\u0131nm\u0131\u015f etnik g\u00fcrc\u00fcl\u0259r erm\u0259ni, G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan\u0131n c\u0259nubundak\u0131 katolik g\u00fcrc\u00fcl\u0259r is\u0259 \u201cfrans\u0131z\u201d hesab edilirdi. B\u00fct\u00fcn m\u00fcs\u0259lmanlar m\u0259n\u015f\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n \u2013 Az\u0259rbaycan, G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan, \u0130ran v\u0259 ya T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 – as\u0131l\u0131 olmayaraq tatar say\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u00fcasir G\u00fcrc\u00fcstanda \u0259halinin 83 faizi G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan Pravoslav Kils\u0259sin\u0259 aiddir. Erm\u0259nil\u0259rin \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259ti Erm\u0259ni Apostol Kils\u0259sin\u0259 aid olduqlar\u0131 halda, az\u0259rbaycanl\u0131lar v\u0259 az sayda g\u00fcrc\u00fcl\u0259r islama ita\u0259t edirl\u0259r. Amma m\u00fcs\u0259lmanlar\u0131n etnik m\u0259nsubiyy\u0259ti \u0259sas\u0259n \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259t k\u0259sb etmir; \u0130slam\u0131n g\u00fcrc\u00fc v\u0259 qeyri-g\u00fcrc\u00fc t\u0259msil\u00e7il\u0259ri diskriminasiyaya m\u0259ruz qal\u0131b<\/a>, \u0259sas\u0259n d\u0259 pravoslav xristian g\u00fcrc\u00fcl\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n G\u00fcrc\u00fcstanda q\u00fcvv\u0259d\u0259 olan qanunvericilik dini v\u0259 m\u00fcq\u0259dd\u0259s binalar\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131na loyal yana\u015f\u0131r. Bununla bel\u0259 yerli hakimiyy\u0259t orqanlar\u0131 ayr\u0131se\u00e7kilik \u0259sas\u0131nda dini qruplara in\u015faat icaz\u0259si vermir v\u0259 ya l\u0259ngidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bundan f\u0259rqli olaraq G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan Pravoslav Kils\u0259si G\u00fcrc\u00fcstanda konstitusiyaya m\u00fcvafiq olaraq x\u00fcsusi statusa sahibdir. Kils\u0259 ad\u0259t\u0259n dig\u0259r dini icmalarla m\u00fcqayis\u0259d\u0259 \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fckl\u0259r\u0259 sahibdir v\u0259 sonuncular bunu b\u0259rab\u0259rsizlik kimi d\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259ndirirl\u0259r. T\u0259bii ki, bu c\u00fcr qeyri-b\u0259rab\u0259r yana\u015fma d\u00fcny\u0259vi m\u00fchitin yaranmas\u0131na g\u0259tirib \u00e7\u0131xarm\u0131r v\u0259 m\u00fcvafiq olaraq azl\u0131qlar\u0131n inteqrasiyas\u0131na mane olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n H\u00f6kum\u0259tin bu istiqam\u0259td\u0259 i\u015f apar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 haqda d\u0259f\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 b\u0259yanat s\u0259sl\u0259ndirm\u0259sin\u0259 baxmayaraq, etnik azl\u0131qlar\u0131n G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan c\u0259miyy\u0259tin\u0259 inteqrasiyas\u0131 \u00e7ox l\u0259ng gedir. G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan son iyirmi ild\u0259 demokratik d\u00f6vl\u0259t quruculu\u011fu istiqam\u0259tind\u0259 inki\u015fafa nail olsa da, m\u00f6hk\u0259m demokratik institutlar\u0131n t\u0259m\u0259li h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 z\u0259ifdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Azl\u0131qlar\u0131n icmalar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6vl\u0259tin siyasi institutlar\u0131na etibar etm\u0259m\u0259si v\u0259 bu institutlar\u0131n z\u0259ifliyi ayr\u0131se\u00e7kiliy\u0259 v\u0259 t\u0259crid\u0259 g\u0259tirib \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131r. CRRC-nin sor\u011fusu da g\u00f6st\u0259rib ki, g\u00fcrc\u00fcl\u0259rin \u00e7oxu qad\u0131nlar\u0131n v\u0259 etik azl\u0131qlar\u0131n milli parlamentd\u0259 kifay\u0259t q\u0259d\u0259r t\u0259msil edilm\u0259diyini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fcr (4-c\u00fc Diaqrama bax).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Y\u0259qin ki, h\u00f6kum\u0259t qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda dayanan \u0259n vacib m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259 azl\u0131qlar\u0131n m\u0259d\u0259ni irsini qorumaqdan v\u0259 onlar\u0131 G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan\u0131n m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259t m\u0259kan\u0131na tam inteqrasiya etdirm\u0259kd\u0259n ibar\u0259tdir. T\u0259hsil v\u0259 Elm Nazirliyi etnik azl\u0131qlar\u0131n m\u0259d\u0259ni irsinin qorunmas\u0131na v\u0259 t\u0259bli\u011f edilm\u0259sin\u0259 istiqam\u0259tl\u0259n\u0259n bir ne\u00e7\u0259 t\u0259cr\u00fcbi layih\u0259 maliyy\u0259l\u0259\u015fdirir v\u0259 h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irir. Amma g\u00fcrc\u00fcl\u0259rin azl\u0131qlar\u0131n m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259ti v\u0259 \u0259n\u0259n\u0259l\u0259ri il\u0259 tan\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na daha az diqq\u0259t ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2005-ci ild\u0259 Tbilisi etnik azl\u0131qlar\u0131n v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f inteqrasiyas\u0131na institusional yana\u015fma haz\u0131rlay\u0131b. Avropa \u015euras\u0131n\u0131n Milli Azl\u0131qlar\u0131n M\u00fcdafi\u0259si haqda \u00c7\u0259r\u00e7iv\u0259 Konvensiyas\u0131na m\u00fcvafiq olaraq G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan azl\u0131qlar\u0131n etnik kimlikl\u0259rin\u0259 h\u00f6rm\u0259t v\u0259 onlar\u0131n h\u00fcquqlar\u0131n\u0131n h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn laz\u0131mi \u015f\u0259raitin yarad\u0131lmas\u0131 siyas\u0259tini haz\u0131rlay\u0131b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2009-cu ild\u0259 h\u00f6kum\u0259t Tplerantl\u0131q v\u0259 V\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f \u0130nteqrasiyas\u0131 Milli Konsepsiyas\u0131n\u0131, eyni zamanda 2009-2014-c\u00fc ill\u0259rd\u0259 v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f inteqrasiyas\u0131na d\u00f6vl\u0259tin yana\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n ed\u0259n f\u0259aliyy\u0259t plan\u0131n\u0131 d\u0259rc edib. 2015-ci ild\u0259 is\u0259 nazirl\u0259r V\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f B\u0259rab\u0259rliyi v\u0259 \u0130nteqrasiya \u00fczr\u0259 D\u00f6vl\u0259t Strategiyas\u0131n\u0131, h\u0259m\u00e7inin 2015-2020-ci ill\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn f\u0259aliyy\u0259t plan\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259sdiql\u0259yibl\u0259r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Haz\u0131rda h\u00f6kum\u0259t 2021-2030-cu ill\u0259r \u00fczr\u0259 f\u0259aliyy\u0259t plan\u0131 \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Bu f\u0259aliyy\u0259t planlar\u0131 \u00f6lk\u0259nin v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f inteqrasiyas\u0131 siyas\u0259tinin m\u00fch\u00fcm al\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259n biridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n G\u00fcrc\u00fcstanda demokratik institutlar o d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 inki\u015faf etm\u0259yib ki, qanunvericilik \u00e7ox vaxt yaln\u0131z ka\u011f\u0131z \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 qal\u0131r, qanunlar\u0131n h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilm\u0259sini t\u0259min ed\u0259n mexanizml\u0259r is\u0259 z\u0259ifdir v\u0259 ya \u00fcmumiyy\u0259tl\u0259 m\u00f6vcud deyil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u00fcvafiq olaraq, h\u0259tta \u0259g\u0259r qanun ideal olsa da, onun h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilm\u0259si sual alt\u0131nda qal\u0131r. V\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259ti t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n monitorinq\u0259 ehtiyac var ki, bu prosesl\u0259rd\u0259 \u0259skiklikl\u0259ri izl\u0259m\u0259k, t\u00f6vsiy\u0259l\u0259r haz\u0131rlamaq v\u0259 m\u00fcvafiq orqanlarla i\u015fl\u0259m\u0259k m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olsun.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Dil siyas\u0259ti effektiv inteqrasiya \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn h\u0259lledici \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259t da\u015f\u0131y\u0131r. G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan azl\u0131qlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczvl\u0259ri \u00e7ox vaxt g\u00fcrc\u00fc dilind\u0259 pis dan\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar, onlar\u0131n \u00f6z dill\u0259ri is\u0259 ictimai h\u0259yatda ancaq qism\u0259n q\u0259bul edilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Linqvistik b\u00f6lm\u0259l\u0259r sovet d\u00f6vr\u00fcn\u0259 b\u0259nz\u0259yir. Sovet \u0130ttifaq\u0131n\u0131n dil siyas\u0259tind\u0259n m\u00fcdafi\u0259 al\u0259ti kimi ki\u00e7ik xalqlar \u00f6z kimliyinin formala\u015fmas\u0131nda prioriteti dil\u0259 verirdil\u0259r. Sovet \u0130ttifaq\u0131 dini q\u0259bul etm\u0259diyi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn is\u0259 dil daha b\u00f6y\u00fck \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259t qazan\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n G\u00fcrc\u00fc dilinin respublika dili kimi statusu G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan konstitusiyas\u0131nda 1978-ci ild\u0259 t\u0259sbit edils\u0259 d\u0259, rus dili h\u00fcquq, elm v\u0259 mill\u0259tl\u0259raras\u0131 m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259rin al\u0259ti kimi tan\u0131n\u0131b. Bu, indi d\u0259 etnik azl\u0131qlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 rayonlarda insanlar\u0131n g\u00fcrc\u00fc dilini a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259 bilm\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6st\u0259rir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan\u0131n etnik azl\u0131qlar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn t\u0259klif olunan dil siyas\u0259tl\u0259ri aras\u0131nda CRRC-nin sor\u011fusunda i\u015ftirak ed\u0259n g\u00fcrc\u00fcl\u0259rd\u0259n \u0259n \u00e7ox reytinq qazanan azl\u0131qlar\u0131n dill\u0259rind\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t xidm\u0259tl\u0259rinin t\u0259qdim edilm\u0259si olub (5-ci Diaqrama bax).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bununla bel\u0259, respondentl\u0259r azl\u0131qlar\u0131n dill\u0259rind\u0259 k\u00fc\u00e7\u0259 i\u015far\u0259l\u0259rinin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 v\u0259 b\u0259zi m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259rinin bu dill\u0259rd\u0259 apar\u0131lmas\u0131 ideyas\u0131na daha \u015f\u00fcbh\u0259yl\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131blar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Dil qruplar\u0131 h\u00f6kum\u0259t t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n daha b\u00f6y\u00fck diqq\u0259t t\u0259l\u0259b edir. Haz\u0131rda g\u00fcrc\u00fc dilind\u0259 olmayan 208 d\u00f6vl\u0259t m\u0259kt\u0259bi<\/a> , o c\u00fcml\u0259d\u0259n d\u0259 t\u0259dris dili rus, erm\u0259ni v\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan dilind\u0259 olan m\u0259kt\u0259bl\u0259rd\u0259 89 qeyri-g\u00fcrc\u00fcdilli seksiya var. Bu qeyri-g\u00fcrc\u00fcdilli m\u0259kt\u0259bl\u0259rd\u0259 v\u0259 seksiyalarda \u00fcmumilikd\u0259 52 000-\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r \u015fagird t\u0259hsil al\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u018fsas problem qeyri-g\u00fcrc\u00fcdilli m\u0259kt\u0259bl\u0259rd\u0259 ixtisasl\u0131 m\u00fc\u0259lliml\u0259rin olmamas\u0131d\u0131r. Sovet \u0130ttifaq\u0131 da\u011f\u0131landan sonra G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan\u0131n ali m\u0259kt\u0259bl\u0259rind\u0259 bu m\u0259kt\u0259bl\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fc\u0259lliml\u0259rin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 \u00fczr\u0259 proqram praktiki olaraq yoxdur. N\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259lliml\u0259rin orta ya\u015f h\u0259ddi \u00e7ox y\u00fcks\u0259kdir: 60 faizind\u0259n \u00e7oxu pensiya ya\u015f\u0131ndad\u0131r<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kifay\u0259t q\u0259d\u0259r d\u0259rslikl\u0259rin t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259 olunmamas\u0131 il\u0259 bir arada bu, qeyri-g\u00fcrc\u00fcdilli d\u00f6vl\u0259t m\u0259kt\u0259bl\u0259rind\u0259 t\u0259hsilin keyfiyy\u0259tind\u0259 m\u0259nfi t\u0259sir edir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yerli v\u0259 beyn\u0259lxalq sor\u011fular g\u00fcrc\u00fcdilli olmayan m\u0259kt\u0259bl\u0259rin m\u0259zunlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda g\u00fcrc\u00fc dili dilgisinin \u00e7ox z\u0259if oldu\u011funu g\u00f6st\u0259rir v\u0259 h\u00f6kum\u0259t bu problemi t\u0259cili h\u0259ll etm\u0259lidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2006-c\u0131 ild\u0259n T\u0259hsil Nazirliyi qeyri-g\u00fcrc\u00fcdilli m\u0259kt\u0259bl\u0259rd\u0259 ikinci dil kii g\u00fcrc\u00fc dilinin t\u0259dris edilm\u0259si \u00fczr\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif layih\u0259l\u0259r h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irir. Amma bu layih\u0259l\u0259rin u\u011fur g\u00f6st\u0259ricil\u0259ri \u00e7ox a\u015fa\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu layih\u0259l\u0259r aras\u0131nda bir istisnan\u0131 qeyd etm\u0259k laz\u0131md\u0131r: 2010-cu ild\u0259n G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan h\u00f6kum\u0259tinin apard\u0131\u011f\u0131 1+4 proqram\u0131 kimi d\u0259 tan\u0131nan m\u00fcsb\u0259t \u0259m\u0259ll\u0259r siyas\u0259ti<\/a>. Bu proqram \u00e7\u0259r\u00e7iv\u0259sind\u0259 g\u00fcrc\u00fc dilind\u0259 dan\u0131\u015fmayan t\u0259l\u0259b\u0259l\u0259r<\/a> \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn kvota ayr\u0131l\u0131r v\u0259 onlar\u0131 bir il m\u00fcdd\u0259tind\u0259 g\u00fcrc\u00fc dilini \u00f6yr\u0259n\u0259c\u0259kl\u0259ri \u015f\u0259rtil\u0259 imtahans\u0131z ali m\u0259kt\u0259bl\u0259r\u0259 q\u0259bul edirl\u0259r v\u0259 yaln\u0131z bundan sonra onlar d\u00f6rdillik bakalavr proqram\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259drisin\u0259 ke\u00e7irl\u0259r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Proqram bir ne\u00e7\u0259 m\u00fcsb\u0259t n\u0259tic\u0259 verib, G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan\u0131n ali t\u0259hsil m\u00fc\u0259ssis\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 azl\u0131qlar\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u0259hsilin keyfiyy\u0259tini art\u0131r\u0131b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu m\u00fc\u0259ssis\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 etibar y\u00fcks\u0259lib v\u0259 bu g\u0259ncl\u0259rin ali t\u0259hsil ald\u0131qdan sonra G\u00fcrc\u00fcstanda i\u015f tapacaqlar\u0131na \u00fcmid var. T\u0259hsilini g\u00fcrc\u00fc dilind\u0259 davam etdir\u0259 bil\u0259c\u0259k g\u0259ncl\u0259rin d\u0259 say\u0131 art\u0131b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Azl\u0131qlara do\u011fma dil bilgil\u0259rini yoxlamaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u00fcmumi test verm\u0259y\u0259 imkan yaradan qanundak\u0131 d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259r g\u0259ncl\u0259r\u0259 ali t\u0259hsil almaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn daha \u00e7ox motivasiya verib. G\u00fcrc\u00fc dilind\u0259 dan\u0131\u015fmayan \u0259hali bu d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259r haqda daha \u00e7ox informasiya al\u0131b. Art\u0131q G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan\u0131n ali m\u0259kt\u0259bl\u0259rind\u0259 t\u0259hsil alan proqram\u0131n u\u011furlu i\u015ftirak\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259r d\u0259 var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Azl\u0131qlar\u0131n dill\u0259rini saxlamaqla g\u00fcrc\u00fc dilinin effektiv t\u0259drisini t\u0259min etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn T\u0259hsil Nazirliyi \u00e7oxdilli t\u0259hsilin islahatlar\u0131na ba\u015flay\u0131b ki, monodilli t\u0259dbir modelini \u0259v\u0259z etsin v\u0259 qeyri-g\u00fcrc\u00fcdilli m\u0259kt\u0259bl\u0259rd\u0259 g\u00fcrc\u00fc dili \u0259lav\u0259 t\u0259dris dili kimi proqrama daxil edilsin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Amma t\u0259tbiq prosesind\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif probleml\u0259r yarand\u0131 \u2013 \u00e7evik olmayan t\u0259dris proqram\u0131, qrafikl\u0259r ba\u011fl\u0131 probleml\u0259r v\u0259 az maa\u015f m\u0259kt\u0259bl\u0259rin yeni modell\u0259r\u0259 adaptasiyas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0259tinl\u0259\u015fdirir. \u00c7oxdilli t\u0259hsil modelinin t\u0259tbiqi riyaziyyat v\u0259 t\u0259bi\u0259t elml\u0259ri kimi d\u0259rsl\u0259r\u0259 dil v\u0259 predmet inteqrasiyas\u0131n\u0131 n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu da d\u0259rsl\u0259rin qrafikind\u0259 d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259r\u0259 v\u0259 t\u0259dris proqramlar\u0131nda d\u00fcz\u0259li\u015fl\u0259r\u0259 g\u0259tirib \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131r ki, bu da m\u00fc\u0259lliml\u0259rd\u0259n \u0259lav\u0259 s\u0259y t\u0259l\u0259b edib. Pedaqoqlar\u0131 laz\u0131mi s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259 motivasiya etm\u0259k v\u0259 maraqland\u0131rmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn d\u00f6vl\u0259t onlar\u0131 \u0259m\u0259khaqlar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n D\u00f6vl\u0259t, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr ki, h\u0259l\u0259 bu d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259r\u0259 haz\u0131r deyil, baxmayaraq ki, pilot layih\u0259l\u0259r formas\u0131nda ilk add\u0131mlar at\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sosial-iqtisadi probleml\u0259r d\u0259 G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan\u0131n etnik azl\u0131qlar\u0131n\u0131n toqqu\u015fdu\u011fu qeyri-b\u0259rab\u0259rlikd\u0259 h\u0259lledici rol oynay\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan qanunlar\u0131 nominal olaraq b\u00fct\u00fcn v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar\u0131n sosial-iqtisadi b\u0259rab\u0259rliyini qorusa da, azl\u0131qlar\u0131n n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259l\u0259ri h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 iqtisadi h\u00fcquqlar\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259min edilm\u0259si v\u0259 sosial xidm\u0259tl\u0259rin tam \u0259ld\u0259 etm\u0259kd\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck mane\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\nM\u00fcasir G\u00fcrc\u00fcstanda azl\u0131qlar<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
![\"\"\/](\"https:\/\/images.carnegieendowment.org\/images\/article_images\/GeorgiaMinorities_Figure1-011.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nEtnik z\u0259mind\u0259 mill\u0259t\u00e7iliyin m\u00f6hk\u0259mliyi<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
![\"\"\/](\"https:\/\/images.carnegieendowment.org\/images\/article_images\/GeorgiaMinorities_Figure2-011.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"\"\/](\"https:\/\/images.carnegieendowment.org\/images\/article_images\/GeorgiaMinorities_Figure3-011.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nH\u00f6kum\u0259tin azl\u0131qlara m\u00fcnasib\u0259td\u0259 siyas\u0259ti: niyy\u0259t v\u0259 reall\u0131q<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
![\"\"\/](\"https:\/\/images.carnegieendowment.org\/images\/article_images\/GeorgiaMinorities_Figure4-011.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nDil siyas\u0259ti<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
![\"\"\/](\"https:\/\/images.carnegieendowment.org\/images\/article_images\/GeorgiaMinorities_Figure5-011.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nSosial-iqtisadi m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259r<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n